What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Xanax,” it is used to treat anxiety disorders and panic disorder, and is classified as a benzodiazepine.¹ It comes in 0.25mg, 0.5mg, 1mg, and 2mg tablets.

(Learn more from the U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Benzodiazepines enhance the function of the GABA neurotransmitter.²

Considerations:

Alprazolam has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, light-headedness, headache, fatigue, dizziness, irritability, talkativeness, poor concentration, dry mouth, increased salivation, blurry vision, sexual side effects, nausea, constipation, appetite changes, weight changes, urination difficulties, and joint pain. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include shortness of breath, seizures, auditory or visual hallucinations, severe skin rash, yellowing of the skin or eyes, depression, memory problems, confusion, speech problems, changes in behavior or mood, suicidal ideations, and coordination/balance problems.¹

Brand names:

Xanax, Xanax XR, Alprazolam Intensol, Niravam

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Elavil,” it is used to treat depression and is classified as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).¹ Amitriptyline is also used to treat panic disorder.² It comes in 10mg, 25mg, 50mg, 75mg, 100mg, and 150mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

TCAs regulate serotonin and/or noradrenaline in the brain.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when amitriptyline is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Amitriptyline has the potential for numerous side effects, including nausea, vomiting, sedation, fatigue, nightmares, headaches, dry mouth, constipation, urination difficulties, blurry vision, pain/burning/tingling in the hands or feet, sexual side effects, profuse sweating, appetite or weight changes, confusion, and unsteadiness. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include speech difficulties, dizziness, weakness/numbness of arm or leg, chest pain, rapid heartbeat, severe skin rash or hives, swelling of the face and tongue, yellowing of the skin or eyes, jaw/neck/back muscle spasms, tremors, fainting, bleeding, bruising, seizures, and visual/auditory hallucinations.¹

Brand names:

Elavil, Amitid, Amitril, Endep

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Tenormin,” it is used to treat high blood pressure and is classified as a beta blocker.¹ It is also used in discreet anxiety-provoking situations, such as in performance anxiety (a type social phobia).² It comes in 25mg, 50mg, and 100mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Atenolol counteracts the physical effects of anxiety by blocking the adrenaline receptors, and this in turn leads to decreased physical effects from anxiety, such as decreased heart rate and decreased tremor.³

Considerations:

Atenolol has the potential for numerous side effects, including dizziness, light-headedness, tiredness, drowsiness, depression, nausea, and diarrhea. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include shortness of breath, swelling of the hands/feet/ankles/lower legs, weight gain, and fainting.¹

Brand names:

Tenormin

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Buspar,” it is used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and is classified as an azaspirone.^1-2 It comes in 5mg, 10mg, 15mg, and 30mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Buspirone enhances the activity of serotonin.²

Considerations:

Buspirone has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, indigestion, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, stomach pain, headache, dry mouth, depression, excitement, fatigue, anxiety, sleeping problems, light-headedness, weakness, and numbness. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include skin rash, itching, rapid or irregular heartbeat, blurry vision, and unusual movements of the head/neck muscles.¹

Brand names:

Buspar

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Librium,” it is used to treat agitation associated with alcohol withdrawal, and is used to relieve anxiety. Chlordiazepoxide is classified as a benzodiazepine.^1-2 It comes in 5mg, 10mg, and 25mg capsules.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Benzodiazepines enhance the function of the GABA neurotransmitter.²

Considerations:

Chlordiazepoxide has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, weakness, dry mouth, diarrhea, upset stomach, appetite changes, restlessness, constipation, difficulty urinating, frequent urination, blurry vision, and sexual changes. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include shuffling walk, tremor, inability to sit still, fever, breathing problems, swallowing problems, skin rash, yellowing of the skin/eyes, and irregular heartbeat.¹

Brand names:

Librium, A-poxide, Chlordiazachel, H-Tran, Librelease, Libritabs, Lygen, Mitran, Poxi

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Celexa,” it is used to treat depression and is in a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).¹ Citalopram is also used to treat generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, post traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder.² It comes in 10mg, 20mg, and 40mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

SSRIs increase the serotonin neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cleft.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when citalopram is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Citalopram has the potential for numerous side effects, including nausea, diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, stomach pain, heartburn, decreased appetite, weight loss, frequent urination, fatigue, yawning, weakness, tremors, muscle/joint pain, dry mouth, sexual side effects, and heavy menstrual periods. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, rapid/slow/irregular heartbeat, auditory/visual hallucinations, fever, excessive sweating, confusion, coma/loss of consciousness, loss of coordination, stiff or twitching muscles, hives or blisters, rash, itching, breathing/swallowing problems, swelling of face/throat/tongue/lips/eyes/hands/feet/ankles/lower legs, hoarseness, bleeding, bruising, headache, loss of coordination, thinking/concentration/memory problems, and seizures.¹

Brand names:

Celexa

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Anafranil,” it is used to treat obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and is classified as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).^1-2 Clomipramine can also be used to treat panic disorder.² It comes in 25mg, 50mg, and 75mg capsules.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

TCAs regulate serotonin and/or noradrenaline in the brain.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when clomipramine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Clomipramine has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, anxiety, sexual side effects, memory/concentration problems, headache, stuffy nose, and appetite/weight changes. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include tremors, seizures, rapid/irregular/pounding heartbeat, difficulty urinating/loss of bladder control, delusions, auditory/visual hallucinations, shakiness, shortness of breath, severe muscle stiffness, extreme fatigue, and sore throat/fever.¹

Brand names:

Anafranil

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Klonopin,” it is used to treat anxiety disorders in the short term, especially generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. It is also used as adjunctive treatment to exposure therapy for specific phobia, and is used as adjunctive treatment for PTSD and OCD. Clonazepam is classified as a benzodiazepine.^1-2 It comes in 0.5mg, 1mg, and 2mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Benzodiazepines enhance the function of the GABA neurotransmitter.²

Considerations:

Clonazepam has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, unsteadiness, coordination problems, difficulty thinking/remembering, increased saliva, muscle/joint pain, frequent urination, blurry vision, and sexual side effects. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include rash, hives, swelling of the eyes/face/lips/tongue/throat, breathing problems, swallowing problems, and hoarseness.¹

Brand names:

Klonopin

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Catapres,” it is used to treat high blood pressure and is classified as an alpha-adrenergic agonist.¹ It is also used to treat the arousal that occurs with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and can help to facilitate sleep.² It comes in 0.1mg, 0.2mg, and 0.3mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Clonidine counteracts the physical effects of anxiety by reducing the production of adrenaline, and this in turn leads to decreased physical effects from anxiety, such as decreased heart rate and decreased blood pressure.²

Considerations:

Clonidine has the potential for numerous side effects, including dry mouth, fatigue, weakness, headache, anxiety, sexual side effects, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include rash, hives, swelling of the face/throat/tongue/lips/eyes/hands/feet/ankles/lower legs, swallowing problems, breathing problems, and hoarseness.¹

Brand names:

Catapres, Jenloga, Kapvay

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Seromycin,” it is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and some urinary tract infections.¹ The dextrorotary form of cycloserine, D-cycloserine, is used to treat specific phobia as an adjunct to exposure therapy.² It comes in 250mg capsules.

(Learn more from PDRhealth, Physicians’ Desk Reference)

What it does:

D-cycloserine affects glutamate in the brain.²

Considerations:

D-cycloserine has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, headache, and tremor. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include weakness, mental (mood) changes, numbness, tingling, seizures, swelling of the ankles/feet, fatigue, pale skin, irregular heartbeat, allergic rash, itching/swelling, and difficulty breathing.^1-2

Brand names:

Seromycin

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Norpramin,” it is used to treat depression and is classified as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).¹ Desipramine is also used to treat panic disorder.² It comes in 10mg, 25mg, 50mg, 75mg, 100mg, and 150mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

TCAs regulate serotonin and/or noradrenaline in the brain.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when desipramine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Desipramine has the potential for numerous side effects, including nausea, drowsiness, fatigue, nightmares, dry mouth, skin sensitivity to sunlight, appetite/weight changes, constipation, difficulty urinating, frequent urination, sexual side effects, and excessive sweating. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include jaw/neck/back muscle spasms, slow/difficult speech, shuffling walk, uncontrollable shaking/movement, fever, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, severe rash, yellowing of the skin/eyes, irregular heartbeat, seizures, sore throat, and fever.¹

Brand names:

Norpramin

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Pristiq,” it is used to treat depression and is in a class of antidepressants called serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).¹ Desvenlafaxine is also used to treat anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, post traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder.² It comes in 50mg and 100mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Like SSRIs, SNRIs increase the serotonin neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cleft. In addition, SNRIs increase the norepinephrine (noradrenaline) neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine into the presynaptic cleft.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when desvenlafaxine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Desvenlafaxine has the potential for numerous side effects, including constipation, loss of appetite, dry mouth, dizziness, fatigue, bizarre dreams, yawning, sweating, uncontrollable shaking, pain/burning/numbness/tingling in part of the body, enlarged pupils, sexual side effects, and difficulty urinating. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include rash, hives, swelling, breathing problems, rapid heartbeat, cough, chest pain, fever, loss of consciousness, seizures, auditory/visual hallucinations, fever, sweating, confusion, rapid heartbeat, severe muscle stiffness, unusual bleeding/bruising, nosebleeds, small red/purple dots on the skin, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, concentration problems, memory problems, confusion, weakness, coordination problems, increased falls and fainting.¹

Brand names:

Pristiq

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Valium,” it is used to treat anxiety disorders in the short term, especially generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. It is also used as adjunctive treatment to exposure therapy for specific phobia, and is used as adjunctive treatment for PTSD and OCD. Diazepam is classified as a benzodiazepine.^1-2 It comes in 2mg, 5mg, and 10mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Benzodiazepines enhance the function of the GABA neurotransmitter.²

Considerations:

Diazepam has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, weakness, dry mouth, diarrhea, nausea, appetite changes, restlessness/excitement, constipation, difficulty urinating, frequent urination, blurry vision, and sexual side effects. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include seizures, shuffling walk, tremor, inability to sit still, fever, breathing problems, difficulty swallowing, severe skin rash, yellowing of the skin/eyes, and irregular heartbeat.¹

Brand names:

Valium, Valrelease

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Sinequan,” it is used to treat depression and is classified as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).¹ Doxepin is also used to treat panic disorder.² It comes in 10mg, 25mg, 50mg, 75mg, 100mg, and 150mg capsules.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

TCAs regulate serotonin and/or noradrenaline in the brain.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when doxepin is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Doxepin has the potential for numerous side effects, including nausea, drowsiness, fatigue, nightmares, dry mouth, skin sensitivity to sunlight, appetite/weight changes, constipation, difficulty urinating, frequent urination, sexual side effects, and excessive sweating. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include jaw/neck/back muscle spasms, slow/difficult speech, shuffling walk, uncontrollable shaking, fever, breathing/swallowing problems, rash, yellowing of the skin/eyes, and irregular heartbeat.¹

Brand names:

Sinequan (capsules, concentrated solution), Silenor

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Cymbalta,” it is used to treat depression and is in a class of antidepressants called serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).¹ Duloxetine is also used to treat anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder.^1-2 It comes in 20mg, 30mg, and 60mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Like SSRIs, SNRIs increase the serotonin neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cleft. In addition, SNRIs increase the norepinephrine (noradrenaline) neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine into the presynaptic cleft.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when duloxetine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Duloxetine has the potential for numerous side effects, including nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, stomach pain, decreased appetite, dry mouth, increased urination, difficulty urinating, sweating/night sweats, dizziness, headache, fatigue, weakness, drowsiness, muscle pain/cramps, sexual side effects, and uncontrollable shaking. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include unusual bruising/bleeding, stomach pain, swelling of the abdomen, itching, yellowing of the skin/eyes, dark colored urine, decreased appetite, fatigue, weakness, confusion, flu-like symptoms, fever, sweating, confusion, rapid/irregular heartbeat, muscle stiffness, blisters/peeling skin, rash, hives, difficulty breathing/swallowing, swelling of the face/throat/tongue/lips/eyes/hands/feet/ankles/legs, and hoarseness.¹

Brand names:

Cymbalta

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Lexapro,” it is used to treat depression and is in a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Escitalopram is also used to treat anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder.^1-2 It comes in 5mg, 10mg, and 20mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

SSRIs increase the serotonin neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cleft.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when escitalopram is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Escitalopram has the potential for numerous side effects, including nausea, diarrhea, constipation, sexual side effects, drowsiness, increased sweating, dizziness, heartburn, stomach pain, fatigue, dry mouth, increased appetite, flu-like symptoms, runny nose, and sneezing. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include unusual excitement, auditory/visual hallucinations, fever, sweating, confusion, rapid/irregular heartbeat, and muscle stiffness.¹

Brand names:

Lexapro

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Prozac,” it is used to treat depression and is in a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Fluoxetine is also used to treat anxiety disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and panic disorder.^1-2 It comes in 10mg, 20mg, and 40mg capsules.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

SSRIs increase the serotonin neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cleft.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when fluoxetine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Fluoxetine has the potential for numerous side effects, including anxiety, nausea, dry mouth, sore throat, drowsiness, weakness, uncontrollable shaking, decreased appetite, weight loss, sexual side effects and excessive sweating. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include rash, hives, fever, joint pain, swelling of the face/throat/tongue/lips/eyes/hands/feet/ankles/lower legs, difficulty breathing/swallowing, fever, sweating, confusion, rapid/irregular heartbeat, muscle stiffness, auditory/visual hallucinations, and seizures.¹

Brand names:

Prozac, Prozac Weekly, Rapiflux, Sarafem, Selfemra

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Luvox,” it is used to treat obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and social phobia, and is in a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).^1-2 Fluvoxamine comes in 25mg, 50mg, and 100mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

SSRIs increase the serotonin neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cleft.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when fluvoxamine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Fluvoxamine has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, difficulty concentrating, memory problems, confusion, dry mouth, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, constipation, indigestion, gas, change in taste, decreased appetite, weight loss, anxiety, weakness, unsteadiness, and sexual side effects. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include chest pain, coordination problems, dizziness, auditory/visual hallucinations, fever, sweating, confusion, rapid/irregular heartbeat, severe muscle stiffness, pain/burning/numbness/tingling in the hands or feet, uncontrollable shaking, rash, hives, slowed/difficult breathing, seizures, loss of consciousness, unusual bleeding/bruising, bloody nose, vomiting blood, and blood in stools.¹

Brand names:

Luvox, Luvox CR

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Neurontin,” it is used to treat seizures disorder, post herpetic neuralgia, and restless legs syndrome. It is also used to treat anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Gabapentin is classified as an anticonvulsant and alpha 2 delta ligands.^1-2 It comes in 100mg, 300mg, and 400mg capsules; 600mg and 800mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Alpha 2 delta ligands decrease glutamate, norepinephrine, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the brain.²

Considerations:

Gabapentin has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, headache, uncontrollable shaking, blurry vision, unsteadiness, anxiety, memory problems, strange/unusual thoughts, involuntary eye movements, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea, dry mouth, constipation, increased appetite, weight gain, swelling of the hands/feet/ankles/lower legs, back/joint pain, fever, runny nose, sneezing, cough, sore throat, ear pain, and red/itchy eyes. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include rash, itching, swelling of the face/throat/tongue/lips/eyes, hoarseness, swallowing problems, breathing problems, and seizures.¹

Brand names:

Neurontin, Horizant

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Tenex,” it is used to treat high blood pressure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and is classified as an alpha-adrenergic agonist.¹ Guanfacine is also used to treat the arousal that occurs with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and can help to facilitate sleep.² It comes in 1mg and 2mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Guanfacine counteracts the physical effects of anxiety by reducing the production of adrenaline, and this in turn leads to decreased physical effects from anxiety, such as decreased heart rate and decreased blood pressure.²

Considerations:

Guanfacine has the potential for numerous side effects, including dry mouth, fatigue, weakness, headache, irritability, sexual side effects, decreased appetite, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting and constipation. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include fainting, blurry vision, rash, and slow heart rate.¹

Brand names:

Tenex, Intuniv

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand names “Atarax” and “Vistaril,” it is used to relieve itching with allergies and nausea/vomiting with various problems, such as motion sickness. Hydroxyzine is classified as an antihistamine.¹ It is also used to treat anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).^2-3 Hydroxyzine comes in 10mg, 25mg, and 50mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Hydroxyzine is a histamine receptor antagonist.³

Considerations:

Hydroxyzine has the potential for numerous side effects, including dry mouth/nose/throat, indigestion, drowsiness, dizziness, chest congestion, headache, and reddening of skin. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include breathing problems, muscle weakness, and increased anxiety.¹

Brand names:

Atarax, Hypam, Orgatrax, Vistaril

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Tofranil,” it is used to treat depression in adults and bedwetting in children, and is classified as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).¹ Imipramine is also used to treat panic disorder.2 It comes in 10mg, 25mg, and 50mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

TCAs regulate serotonin and/or noradrenaline in the brain.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when imipramine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Imipramine has the potential for numerous side effects, including nausea, drowsiness, fatigue, anxiety, nightmares, dry mouth, skin sensitivity to sunlight, appetite/weight changes, constipation, difficulty urinating, frequent urination, sexual side effects, and excessive sweating. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include jaw/neck/back muscle spasms, slow/difficult speech, shuffling walk, uncontrollable shaking, fever, sore throat, breathing problems, swallowing problems, severe rash, yellowing of the skin/eyes, and irregular heartbeat.¹

Brand names:

Tofranil, Tofranil PM

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Marplan,” it is used to treat depression when other antidepressants have not been helpful, and is classified as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).¹ Isocarboxazid is also used to treat panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).² It comes in 10mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

MAOIs block the effect of a brain enzyme, monoamine oxidase, preventing the breakdown of serotonin and noradrenaline.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when isocarboxazid is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Before taking isocarboxazid, there are special precautions to consider. Hypertension (increase in blood pressure) can occur from combining MAOIs with decongestants, stimulants, TCAs, SNRIs, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors, and appetite suppressants. And if you do not exclude tyramine from your diet, a tyramine hypertensive crisis may occur when taking an MAOI. 2 Isocarboxazid has the potential for numerous side effects, including dry mouth, constipation, diarrhea, weakness, fatigue, forgetfulness, sexual side effects, and frequent/painful/difficult urination. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include headaches, rapid/pounding heartbeat, chest pain, sweating, fever, chills, cold/clammy skin, dizziness, tightness in the chest/throat, stiff/sore neck, nausea, vomiting, fainting, blurry vision, light sensitivity, wide pupils, yellowing of the skin/eyes, uncontrollable shaking, sudden jerking, seizures, and numbness/burning/tingling in the arms or legs.¹

Brand names:

Marplan

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Lamictal,” it is used to treat seizures disorder and depression associated with bipolar disorder, and is classified as an anticonvulsant.¹ It is also used in anxiety disorders, such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).² It comes in 25mg, 100mg, 150mg, and 200mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Lamotrigine decreases firing of voltage-dependent sodium action potentials that may result in decreased glutamate release.³

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for serious life-threatening rash when lamotrigine is titrated too fast, started on high doses, or combined with valproic acid (Depakene) or divalproex (Depakote). Lamotrigine has the potential for numerous side effects, including loss of balance/coordination, double vision, blurred vision, involuntary movements of the eyes, difficulty thinking/concentrating, speaking problems, drowsiness, dizziness, diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite, weight loss, stomach/back/joint pain, missed/painful menstrual periods, swelling/itching/irritation of the vagina, and uncontrollable shaking. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include worsening seizures, chest pain, swelling of the hands/feet/ankles/lower legs, headache, stiff neck, light sensitivity, and loss of consciousness.¹

Brand names:

Lamictal, Lamictal CD, Lamictal ODT, Lamictal XR

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Ativan,” it is used to treat anxiety disorders in the short term, especially generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. It is also used as adjunctive treatment to exposure therapy for specific phobia, and is used as adjunctive treatment for PTSD and OCD. Lorazepam is classified as a benzodiazepine.^1-2 It comes in 0.5mg, 1mg, and 2mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Benzodiazepines enhance the function of the GABA neurotransmitter.²

Considerations:

Lorazepam has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, weakness, dry mouth, diarrhea, nausea, appetite changes, restlessness/excitement, constipation, difficulty urinating, frequent urination, blurry vision, and sexual side effects. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include shuffling walk, fine tremor, not able to sit still, fever, breathing problems, swallowing problems, skin rash, yellowing of the skin/eyes, and irregular heartbeat.¹

Brand names:

Ativan, Lorazepam Intensol

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Ludiomil,” it is used to treat depression and anxiety, and is classified as a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA).^1-2 Maprotiline comes in 10mg, 25mg, 50mg, and 75mg tablets, and as an injectable concentrate.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Tetracyclic antidepressants, which have four rings of atoms, are closely related to tricyclic antidepressants, which have three rings of atoms. Maprotiline has strong effects as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and is a moderate antagonist of the 5-HT2 receptor.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when maprotiline is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Maprotiline has the potential for numerous side effects, including nausea, drowsiness, fatigue, nightmares, dry mouth, skin sensitivity to sunlight, appetite/weight changes, constipation, difficulty urinating, frequent urination, blurry vision, sexual side effects, and excessive sweating. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include jaw/neck/back muscle spasms, slow/difficult speech, shuffling walk, uncontrollable shaking , fever, chills, sore throat, breathing/swallowing problems, rash, yellowing of the skin/eyes, and irregular heartbeat.¹

Brand names:

Ludiomil

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Remeron,” it is used to treat depression and anxiety, and is classified as a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) and a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA).^1-2 Mirtazapine comes in 15mg, 30mg, and 45 mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Tetracyclic antidepressants, which have four rings of atoms, are closely related to tricyclic antidepressants, which have three rings of atoms. Mirtazapine is an antagonist of the α2-adrenergic receptor and the 5-HT2 receptor, enhancing adrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when mirtazapine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Mirtazapine has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, anxiety, confusion, increased weight/appetite, dry mouth, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include fever, chills, sore throat, chest pain, rapid heartbeat, and seizures.¹

Brand names:

Remeron, Remeron SolTab

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Aurorix,” it is used to treat depression when other antidepressants have not been helpful, and is classified as a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA).¹ It is currently not available in the United States, but is available in the United Kingdom and Australia. Moclobemide is also used to treat social phobia and panic disorder.^2-3 It comes in 150mg and 300mg tablets.

(Learn more from the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration

What it does:

RIMAs block the effect of a brain enzyme, monoamine oxidase A, preventing the breakdown of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine.⁴

Considerations:

Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when moclobemide is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Before taking moclobemide, there are special precautions to consider. Although RIMAs have less risk of hypertensive crisis than MAOIs when tyramine is ingested, there may be a risk of hypertensive crisis on doses above 900mg/day when tyramine is ingested. Moclobemide has the potential for numerous side effects, including sleep disturbances, dizziness, nausea, headache, nightmares/dreams, hallucinations, delusions, memory problems, confusion, disorientation, depression, excitability/irritability, hypomanic symptoms, aggressive behaviour, apathy, tension, migraine, movement problems, ringing in the ears, numbness and tingling in the extremities, difficulty talking, heartburn, indigestion, hypertension, decreased heart rate, heart palpitations, chest pain, rash, itching, gingivitis, dry skin, conjunctivitis, problems urinating, prolonged menstruation, fatigue, muscular pain, altered taste, hot flushes/cold sensation, and visual disturbances.⁴

Brand names:

Amira, Aurorix, Clobemix , Depnil and Manerix

What is it:

Previously manufactured under the brand name “Serzone,” it was used to treat depression and anxiety, and is classified as an antidepressant and serotonin modulator.¹ Nefazodone comes in 50mg, 100mg, 150mg, 200mg, and 250 mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Nefazodone is a potent antagonist at the 5-HT2A receptor, enhancing serotonergic neurotransmission.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when nefazodone is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). The sale of nefazodone was discontinued in 2003 due to the rare incidence of liver failure. Nefazodone has the potential for numerous side effects, including headache, difficulty concentrating, dry mouth, heartburn, flushing, pain/burning/numbness/tingling in the hands or feet, and constipation. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include rash, hives, itching, breathing/swallowing problems, swelling of the face/throat/tongue/lips/eyes/hands/feet/ankles/lower legs, hoarseness, slow heartbeat, memory problems, blurry vision, confusion, seizures, and painful erection of the penis lasting more than 4 hours.¹

Brand names:

Serzone

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Pamelor,” it is used to treat depression and enuresis, and is classified as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).¹ Nortriptyline is also used to treat panic disorder.² It comes in 10mg, 25mg, 50mg, and 75mg capsules.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

TCAs regulate serotonin and/or noradrenaline in the brain.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when nortriptyline is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Nortriptyline has the potential for numerous side effects, including nausea, drowsiness, fatigue, excitement/anxiety, nightmares, dry mouth, changes in appetite/weight, constipation, difficulty urinating, frequent urination, sexual side effects, and excessive sweating. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include jaw/neck/back muscle spasms, slow/difficult speech, shuffling walk, uncontrollable shaking, fever, difficulty breathing/swallowing, rash, yellowing of the skin or eyes, and irregular heartbeat.¹

Brand names:

Pamelor, Aventyl

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Zyprexa,” it is used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and is classified as an atypical antipsychotic.¹ It is also used in anxiety disorders, such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).² Olanzapine comes in 2.5mg, 5mg, 7.5mg, 10mg, 15mg, and 20mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Olanzapine blocks serotonin and dopamine receptors, which is responsible for its antipsychotic effect. Its effect on anxiety are poorly understood.³

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, older adults with dementia who take antipsychotics are at increased risk of death. Olanzapine has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, restlessness, bizarre behavior, depression, sleeping problems, weakness, problems walking, constipation, weight gain, dry mouth, pain in arms/legs/back/joints, breast enlargement/discharge, late/missed menstrual periods, and decreased sexual ability. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include seizures, vision changes, swelling of the arms/hands/feet/ankles/lower legs, involuntary movements of face/body, sore throat, fever, chills, stiff muscles, excessive sweating, rapid/irregular heartbeat, rash, hives, and difficulty breathing/swallowing.¹

Brand names:

Zyprexa, Zyprexa Zydis

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Serax,” it is used to relieve anxiety, and to treat the agitation associated with alcohol withdrawal. Oxazepam is classified as a benzodiazepine.^1-2 It comes in 10mg, 15mg, and 30mg capsules, and 15mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Benzodiazepines enhance the function of the GABA neurotransmitter.²

Considerations:

Oxazepam has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, weakness, dry mouth, diarrhea, upset stomach, appetite changes, restlessness/excitement, constipation, difficulty urinating, frequent urination, blurry vision, and sexual side effects. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include shuffling walk, fine tremor, not able to sit still, fever, difficulty breathing/swallowing, severe skin rash, yellowing of the skin/eyes, and irregular heartbeat.¹

Brand names:

Serax

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Paxil,” it is used to treat depression, panic disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is in a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).^1-2 Paroxetine comes in 10mg, 20mg, 30mg and 40mg tablets, and oral suspension.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

SSRIs increase the serotonin neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cleft.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when paroxetine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Paroxetine has the potential for numerous side effects, including headache, dizziness, weakness, concentration problems, anxiety, forgetfulness, confusion, sleepiness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, gas, stomach pain, heartburn, changes in taste of food, decreased appetite, weight loss/gain, sexual side effects, dry mouth, sweating, yawning, light sensitivity, lump/tightness in throat, pain, joint tenderness/swelling, muscle weakness/tightness, flushing, sore teeth/gums, bizarre dreams, and painful/irregular menstruation. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include auditory/visual hallucinations, fainting, rapid/irregular heartbeat, chest pain, breathing problems, seizures, fever, sweating, confusion, rapid/irregular heartbeat, severe muscle stiffness/twitching, abnormal bleeding/bruising, tiny red spots directly under skin, peeling/blistering of skin, sore throat, fever, chills, cough, uncontrollable shaking, unsteady walking, sudden muscle twitching/jerking, numbness/tingling in your hands/feet/arms/legs, difficult/frequent/painful urination, swelling/itching/burning/infection in the vagina, painful erection lasting for hours, sudden nausea/vomiting/weakness/cramping/bloating/swelling, tightness in hands and feet, dizziness, headache/confusion, hives, skin rash, itching, swelling of the face/throat/tongue/lips/eyes/hands/feet/ankles/lower legs, hoarseness, black/tarry stools, red blood in stools, bloody vomit, vomit that looks like coffee grounds, bone pain, and tenderness/swelling/bruising.¹

Brand names:

Paxil, Paxil CR, Brisdelle, Pexeva

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Nardil,” it is used to treat depression when other antidepressants have not been helpful, and is classified as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).¹ Phenelzine is also used to treat panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).² It comes in 15mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

MAOIs block the effect of a brain enzyme, monoamine oxidase, preventing the breakdown of serotonin and noradrenaline.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when phenelzine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Before taking phenelzine, there are special precautions to consider. Hypertension (increase in blood pressure) can occur from combining MAOIs with decongestants, stimulants, TCAs, SNRIs, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors, and appetite suppressants. And if you do not exclude tyramine from your diet, a tyramine hypertensive crisis may occur when taking an MAOI. 2 Phenelzine has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, weakness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, weight gain, sexual side effects, uncontrollable shaking, and muscle twitching/jerking. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include headache, rapid/irregular heartbeat, neck stiffness/soreness, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, sweating, wide pupils, eyes sensitive to light, swelling of face/throat/arms/hands/feet/ankles/lower legs, breathing/swallowing problems, and yellowing of the skin/eyes.¹

Brand names:

Nardil

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Minipress,” it is used to treat high blood pressure and is classified as an alpha blocker.¹ It is also used for trauma nightmares in post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).² Prazosin comes in 1mg, 2mg, and 5mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Prazosin is an alpha(1) adrenergic antagonist.³

Considerations:

Prazosin has the potential for numerous side effects, including weakness, tiredness, headache, and nausea. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include hives, rash, itching, breathing problems, rapid/pounding/irregular heartbeat, chest pain, and painful erection that lasts for hours.¹

Brand names:

Minipress, Minipress XL

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Lyrica,” it is used to treat seizures disorder, post herpetic neuralgia, neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia. It is also used to treat anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Pregabalin is classified as an anticonvulsant and alpha 2 delta ligand.^1-2 It comes in 25mg, 50mg, 75mg, 100mg, 150mg, 200mg, 225mg, and 300mg capsules, and oral solution.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Alpha 2 delta ligands decrease glutamate, norepinephrine, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the brain.²

Considerations:

Pregabalin has the potential for numerous side effects, including tiredness, dizziness, headache, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, constipation, gas, bloating, elevated mood, speech problems, difficulty concentrating, confusion, forgetfulness, anxiety, lack of coordination, unsteadiness, uncontrollable shaking/jerking, muscle twitching, weakness, increased appetite, weight gain, swelling of the arms/hands/feet/ankles/lower legs, and back pain. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include blurry vision, hives, rash, itching, blisters, swelling of the eyes/face/throat/mouth/lips/gums/tongue/head/neck, shortness of breath, wheezing, muscle pain, tenderness, soreness, weakness, and chest pain.¹

Brand names:

Lyrica

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Inderal,” it is used to treat high blood pressure and is classified as a beta blocker.¹ It is also used in discreet anxiety-provoking situations, such as in performance anxiety (a type social phobia).² Propranolol comes in 10mg, 20mg, 40mg, 60mg, and 80mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Propranolol counteracts the physical effects of anxiety by blocking the adrenaline receptors, and this in turn leads to decreased physical effects from anxiety, such as decreased heart rate and decreased tremor.³

Considerations:

Propranolol has the potential for numerous side effects, including dizziness/light-headedness, difficulty sleeping, fatigue, upset stomach, vomiting, rash, diarrhea, and constipation. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include difficulty breathing, sore throat, unusual bleeding, swelling of the feet/hands, weight gain, chest pain, and slow/irregular heartbeat.¹

Brand names:

Inderal, Inderal LA, InnoPran, InnoPran XL, Pronol

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Vivactil,” it is used to treat depression and is classified as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).1 Protriptyline is also used to treat panic disorder.2 It comes in 5mg and 10mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

TCAs regulate serotonin and/or noradrenaline in the brain.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when protriptyline is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Protriptyline has the potential for numerous side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight changes, unusual taste in the mouth, stomach pain/cramps, heartburn, dry mouth, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, nightmares, headaches, frequent urination, difficulty urinating, wide pupils, sexual side effects, breast enlargement, unsteadiness, ringing in ears, hair loss, flushing, sweating, and black tongue. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include slow/difficult speech, weakness, numbness, chest pain, rapid/pounding/irregular heartbeat, rash, hives, itching, swelling of the face/tongue, yellowing of the skin/eyes, jaw/neck/back muscle spasms, uncontrollable shaking, fainting, difficulty walking, unusual bleeding/bruising, seizures, confusion, auditory/visual hallucinations, fever, and pain/burning/tingling in the hands/feet.¹

Brand names:

Vivactil

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Seroquel,” it is used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression, and is classified as an atypical antipsychotic.¹ It is also used in anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder.² Quetiapine comes in 25mg, 100mg, 150mg, 200mg, and 300mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Quetiapine blocks serotonin and dopamine receptors, which is responsible for its antipsychotic effect. Its effect on depression and anxiety are poorly understood.³

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when antidepressants are prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Also, older adults with dementia who take antipsychotics are at increased risk of death. Quetiapine has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, pain in the joints/back/neck/ears, weakness, dry mouth, vomiting, indigestion, constipation, gas, stomach pain/swelling, increased appetite, weight gain, stuffy nose, headache, pain, irritability, difficulty thinking/concentrating, difficulty speaking, loss of coordination, bizarre dreams, numbness/burning/tingling in the arms/legs, missed menstrual periods, breast enlargement in males, discharge from the breasts and decreased sexual desire/ability. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include fainting, seizures, vision changes, uncontrollable movements of arms/legs/tongue/face/lips, painful erection that lasts for hours, fever, muscle stiffness/pain/weakness, sweating, rapid/irregular heartbeat, confusion, unusual bleeding/bruising, sore throat, fever, chills, difficult/painful urination, hives, rash, blisters, tightening of the neck muscles/throat, tongue sticking out, and difficulty breathing/swallowing.¹

Brand names:

Seroquel, Seroquel XR

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Risperdal,” it is used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and agitation associated with autism in children, and is classified as an atypical antipsychotic.¹ It is also used in anxiety disorders, such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).² Risperidone comes in 0.25mg, 0.5mg, 1mg, 2mg, 3mg, and 4mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Risperidone blocks serotonin and dopamine receptors, which is responsible for its antipsychotic effect. Its effect on anxiety are poorly understood.³

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, older adults with dementia who take antipsychotics are at increased risk of death. Risperidone has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, heartburn, dry mouth, increased salivation, increased appetite, weight gain, stomach pain, anxiety, agitation, restlessness, bizarre dreams, sleep problems, decreased sexual interest/ability, breastmilk production, vision problems, muscle/joint pain, dry/discolored skin, and problems urinating. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include fever, muscle stiffness, confusion, rapid/irregular pulse, sweating, involuntary movements of your face or body, faintness, seizures, slow movements, shuffling walk, rash, hives, itching, difficulty breathing/swallowing, painful erection that lasts for hours.¹

Brand names:

Risperdal Oral Solution, Risperdal Tablets, Risperdal M-TAB Orally Disintegrating Tablets

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Zoloft,” it is used to treat depression, panic disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is in a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).^1-2 Sertraline comes in 25mg, 50mg, and 100mg tablets, and oral concentrate.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

SSRIs increase the serotonin neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cleft.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when sertraline is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Sertraline has the potential for numerous side effects, including nausea, diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, dry mouth, gas/bloating, loss of appetite, weight changes, drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, headache, pain/burning/tingling in the hands/feet, anxiety, uncontrollable shaking, sore throat, sexual side effects, and excessive sweating. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include seizures, fever, sweating, confusion, fast/irregular heartbeat, severe muscle stiffness, abnormal bleeding/bruising, and auditory/visual hallucinations.¹

Brand names:

Zoloft

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Parnate,” it is used to treat depression when other antidepressants have not been helpful, and is classified as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).¹ Tranylcypromine is also used to treat panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).² It comes in 10mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

MAOIs block the effect of a brain enzyme, monoamine oxidase, preventing the breakdown of serotonin and noradrenaline.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when tranylcypromine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Before taking tranylcypromine, there are special precautions to consider. Hypertension (increase in blood pressure) can occur from combining MAOIs with decongestants, stimulants, TCAs, SNRIs, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors, and appetite suppressants. And if you do not exclude tyramine from your diet, a tyramine hypertensive crisis may occur when taking an MAOI. 2 Tranylcypromine has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, weakness, dry mouth, loss of appetite, diarrhea, constipation, stomach pain, blurry vision, chills, ringing in the ears, muscle tightening/jerking, uncontrollable shaking, numbness/burning/tingling in the arms or legs, difficulty urinating, sexual side effects, hair loss, and rash. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include headache, rapid/pounding heartbeat, chest pain, tightening of the throat, nausea, sweating, fever, cold/clammy skin, dizziness, neck stiffness, light sensitivity, widened pupils, swelling of arms/hands/feet/ankles/lower legs, unusual bleeding/bruising, pain in the upper right part of the stomach, flu-like symptoms, and yellowing of the skin/eyes.¹

Brand names:

Parnate

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Desyrel,” it is used to treat depression and anxiety, and is classified as an antidepressant and serotonin modulator.¹ Trazodone comes in 150mg and 300mg tablets.² It comes in 10mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Trazodone is a potent antagonist at the 5-HT2A receptor, enhancing serotonergic neurotransmission.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when trazodone is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Trazodone has the potential for numerous side effects, including headache, nausea, vomiting, bad taste in mouth, diarrhea, constipation, appetite/weight changes, fatigue, anxiety, dizziness/light-headedness, unsteady walking, concentration problems, confusion, nightmares, muscle pain, dry mouth, rash, sweating, sexual side effects, uncontrollable shaking, numbness/burning/tingling in the arms/legs/hands/feet, decreased coordination, red/itchy eyes, and ringing in ears. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include chest pain, rapid/pounding/irregular heartbeat, loss of consciousness, fainting, seizures, shortness of breath, and unusual bruising/bleeding.¹

Brand names:

Desyrel, Oleptro, Trialodine

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Surmontil,” it is used to treat depression and is classified as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).¹ Trimipramine is also used to treat panic disorder.² It comes in 25mg, 50mg, and 100mg capsules.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

TCAs regulate serotonin and/or noradrenaline in the brain.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when trimipramine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Trimipramine has the potential for numerous side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, drowsiness, weakness/tiredness, excitement/anxiety, confusion, dizziness, headache, nightmares, dry mouth, appetite/weight changes, constipation, difficulty urinating, frequent urination, sexual side effects, excessive sweating, ringing in the ears, and pain/burning/tingling in the hands/feet. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include jaw/neck/back muscle spasms, slow/difficult speech, shuffling walk, uncontrollable shaking, fever/sore throat, breathing/swallowing problems, rash, yellowing of the skin/eyes, seizures, auditory/visual hallucinations, chest pain, and pounding/irregular heartbeat.¹

Brand names:

Surmontil

What is it:

Manufactured under the brand name “Effexor,” it is used to treat depression and is in a class of antidepressants called serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).¹ Venlafaxine is also used to treat anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder.^1-2 It comes in 25mg, 37.5mg, 50mg, 75mg, and 100mg tablets.

(Learn more from the NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine)

What it does:

Like SSRIs, SNRIs increase the serotonin neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cleft. In addition, SNRIs increase the norepinephrine (noradrenaline) neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine into the presynaptic cleft.²

Considerations:

FDA Black Box Warning: from clinical studies, there is the potential for suicide when venlafaxine is prescribed to children, teenagers, and young adults (up to 24 years of age). Venlafaxine has the potential for numerous side effects, including drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, headache, nightmares, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, constipation, diarrhea, gas, heartburn, burping, dry mouth, change in taste of food, appetite/weight loss, uncontrollable shaking, pain/burning/numbness/tingling, muscle tightness, twitching, yawning, sweating, hot flashes/flushing, frequent urination, difficulty urinating, sore throat, chills, ringing in the ears, sexual side effects, and enlarged pupils. Some serious, yet uncommon side effects include rash, hives, itching, breathing/swallowing problems, chest pain, rapid/pounding/irregular heartbeat, seizures, unusual bruising/bleeding, small purple spots on the skin, eye pain/redness, fever, sweating, confusion, severe muscle stiffness, coordination problems, auditory/visual hallucinations, and loss of consciousness.¹

Brand names:

Effexor, Effexor XR